Petrification to form functional hybrid materials

PMSE 89

Gautam Gupta1, Plamen Atanassov, plamen@unm.edu1, Shailendra Rathod1, Timothy L. Ward1, and Gabriel P. Lopez, gplopez@unm.edu2. (1) Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, 209 Farris Engineering Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, (2) Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, 209 Farris Engineering Building, Albuquerque, NM 87131
We have synthesized robust hybrid bio / inorganic thin films, membranes and monoliths that incorporate biological species such as proteins, enzymes, liposomes, planar lipid bilayers and whole cells. These species are entrapped in a crosslinked gel matrix by vaporization of inorganic (e.g., tetramethoxy silane) and organic (e.g., acrylic acid) precursors. Using this method, thin-film electrodes were modified with a silica film encapsulating the enzyme horseradish peroxidase. Chrono-amperometric measurements clearly indicate the response of the enzymes when substrate was provided. Enzymes such as laccase have also been entrapped for potential application in bio-fuel cells. Proton pumping is observed in entrapped liposomes containing bacteriorhodopsin upon exposure to light. Ultra-thin (10-100 nm) lamellar, hybrid lipid-silica films with incorporation of gramicidin have been also been synthesized. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and neutron reflectivity techniques indicate the d-spacing of these films to be around 54 Å. Whole cells have also been entrapped using this process and a high viability of the cells was obtained after the gelation process. Strengths of the process are low temperature synthesis, short times for gelation, independence of pH and ionic strength, and a wide choice of precursors. These materials exhibit excellent mechanical stability, long shelf life, low-toxicity, biocompatibility and efficient molecular transport. These materials have potential for a broad range of applications including biosensors, drug-delivery, bio-fuel cells (enzymatic, whole cell), micro reactors (cells), separations and photonic devices.